鑽石舞台

斯萬特·佩博（瑞典語：Svante Pääbo，又譯為施溫提·柏保，1955年4月20日－），他的父親蘇恩·伯格斯特龍（瑞典語：Sune Karl Bergström）是瑞典生物化學家，也是1982年諾貝爾生理學與醫學獎得主。

無注釋原文：

The 2022 Nobel Prize In Physiology/Medicine Awarded To Svante Paabo

Forbes

The 2022 Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology has been won by Svante Paabo, the Swedish geneticist, for his discoveries concerning human evolution. The award was announced on Monday, October 3.

In his 1895 will, Alfred Nobel, the Swedish polymath and inventor of dynamite, bequeathed the majority of his estate to create five prizes (Chemistry, Physics, and Physiology/Medicine plus one in literature and one for peace), recognizing 「those, who during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.」 The first awards were conferred in 1901. A sixth award, not technically a Nobel, was established in 1968; it’s the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

In 2020, the Nobel Foundation’s Board of Directors increased the Nobel Prize amount to 10 million kroner (equal to a bit more than $1.1 million) per prize category.

Prior to this year’s award, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine had been awarded 112 times to 224 Nobel Prize laureates (212 men and 12 women) since its beginning in 1901. Last year, the award was shared by David Julius of the University of California at San Francisco and Ardem Patapoutian of Scripps Research and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 「for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.」

Paabo, whose specialty is evolutionary genetics, was awarded the Nobel Prize 「for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.」 His contributions were further summarized in the Nobel press release as follows:

Through his pioneering research, Svante Pääbo accomplished something seemingly impossible: sequencing the genome of the Neanderthal, an extinct relative of present-day humans. He also made the sensational discovery of a previously unknown hominin, Denisova. Importantly, Pääbo also found that gene transfer had occurred from these now extinct hominins to Homo sapiens following the migration out of Africa around 70,000 years ago. This ancient flow of genes to present-day humans has physiological relevance today, for example affecting how our immune system reacts to infections.

Pääbo’s seminal research gave rise to an entirely new scientific discipline: paleogenomics. By revealing genetic differences that distinguish all living humans from extinct hominins, his discoveries provide the basis for exploring what makes us uniquely human.

Born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1955, Svante Paabo earned his PhD degree from the University of Uppsala in 1986. He completed postdoctoral fellowships at the University of Zürich and also the University of California, Berkeley.

Paabo was appointed Professor at the University of Munich, Germany in 1990. In 1999 he founded the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany where he is still active. He also holds a position as adjunct Professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan.

Paabo’s father was the biochemist Sune Bergström, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane in 1982. Paabo, who is a member of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, has won many awards for his groundbreaking discoveries including the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine, the Kistler Prize and the Dan David Prize.

- ◆ -

註：中文文本為機器翻譯僅供參考，並非一一對應

含注釋全文：

The 2022 Nobel Prize In Physiology/Medicine Awarded To Svante Paabo

Forbes

The 2022 Nobel Prize in Medicine/Physiology has been won by Svante Paabo, the Swedish geneticist, for his discoveries concerning human evolution. The award was announced on Monday, October 3.

2022年諾貝爾生理學/醫學獎頒發給瑞典遺傳學家斯萬特·帕博（Svante Pääbo），以表彰他在人類進化方面的發現。該獎項於10月3日星期一宣布。

physiology /ˌfɪzɪˈɒlədʒɪ/ 表示「生理學」，英文解釋為「(the scientific study of) the way in which the bodies of living things work」。

geneticist /dʒəˈnet.ɪ.sɪst/ 表示「遺傳學家」，英文解釋為「a person who studies genetics」

In his 1895 will, Alfred Nobel, the Swedish polymath and inventor of dynamite, bequeathed the majority of his estate to create five prizes (Chemistry, Physics, and Physiology/Medicine plus one in literature and one for peace), recognizing 「those, who during the preceding year, have conferred the greatest benefit to humankind.」 The first awards were conferred in 1901. A sixth award, not technically a Nobel, was established in 1968; it’s the Sveriges Riksbank Prize in Economic Sciences in Memory of Alfred Nobel.

1895年，瑞典博學大師、炸藥發明者阿爾弗雷德·諾貝爾（Alfred Nobel）立囑將其遺產的大部分設立五個獎項（化學、物理學和生理學/醫學獎，外加一個文學獎和一個和平獎），以表彰「那些在過去一年中為人類帶來最大貢獻的人」。第一個獎項是在1901年頒發的。第六個獎項，嚴格來說不是諾貝爾獎，是1968年設立的，瑞典中央銀行紀念阿爾弗雷德·諾貝爾經濟學獎。

polymath /ˈpɒl.i.mæθ/ 表示「博學的人」，英文解釋為「a person who knows a lot about many different subjects」

dynamite /ˈdaɪ.nə.maɪt/ 表示「黃色炸藥，達納炸藥，甘油炸藥」，英文解釋為「a type of explosive」如：a stick of dynamite 一根達納炸藥。

bequeath /bɪˈkwiːð/ 表示「把…遺贈給」，英文解釋為「to arrange for money or property to be given to somebody after your death」舉個🌰：

Her father bequeathed her the family fortune in his will.

她父親在遺囑中寫明將家產傳給她。

preceding /prɪˈsiː.dɪŋ/ 表示「在前的，在先的，前面的」，英文解釋為「existing or happening before someone or something」舉個🌰：

In 2020, the Nobel Foundation’s Board of Directors increased the Nobel Prize amount to 10 million kroner (equal to a bit more than $1.1 million) per prize category.

2020年，諾貝爾基金會董事會將每個諾貝爾獎項獎金增加到1000萬克朗（相當於110萬美元多一點）。

表示「董事會，理事會」，英文解釋為「the group of people who shareholders choose to manage a company or organization」。

krone /ˈkrəʊ.nə/ 表示「克朗（丹麥和挪威貨幣單位）」，英文解釋為「the standard unit of money used in Denmark and Norway」，複數 kroner.

Prior to this year’s award, the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine had been awarded 112 times to 224 Nobel Prize laureates (212 men and 12 women) since its beginning in 1901. Last year, the award was shared by David Julius of the University of California at San Francisco and Ardem Patapoutian of Scripps Research and the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, 「for their discoveries of receptors for temperature and touch.」

在今年的諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎頒獎之前，自1901年設立以來，共有224名諾貝爾獎獲得者（212名男性和12名女性）獲得了112次諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。去年，加州大學舊金山分校的戴維·朱利葉斯（David Julius）和斯克里普斯研究所、霍華德·休斯醫學研究所的雅頓·帕塔普蒂安（Ardem Patapoutian）共同獲得了諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎，「因為他們發現溫度和觸覺感受器。」

表示「感受器；受體」，英文解釋為「a nerve ending which receives information about changes in light, heat etc and causes the body to react in particular ways」。

Paabo, whose specialty is evolutionary genetics, was awarded the Nobel Prize 「for his discoveries concerning the genomes of extinct hominins and human evolution.」 His contributions were further summarized in the Nobel press release as follows:

帕博的專業是進化遺傳學，他被授予諾貝爾獎，「以表彰他在已滅絕的古人類基因組和人類進化方面的發現。」諾貝爾獎官方新聞稿進一步總結了他的貢獻如下：

specialty /ˈspeʃ.əl.ti/ 表示「專業；專長」，英文解釋為「a subject that someone knows a lot about」舉個🌰：

His specialty is computer science.

hominin /ˈhɒm.ɪ.nɪn/ 表示「人類；原始人類」，英文解釋為「a human, or an early form of human」

Through his pioneering research, Svante Pääbo accomplished something seemingly impossible: sequencing the genome of the Neanderthal, an extinct relative of present-day humans. He also made the sensational discovery of a previously unknown hominin, Denisova. Importantly, Pääbo also found that gene transfer had occurred from these now extinct hominins to Homo sapiens following the migration out of Africa around 70,000 years ago. This ancient flow of genes to present-day humans has physiological relevance today, for example affecting how our immune system reacts to infections.

通過他的開創性研究，斯萬特·帕博完成了一件看似不可能的事情：對尼安德特人（Neanderthal）的基因組進行測序，尼安德特人是當今人類的滅絕親屬。他還轟動性地發現了一種前所未知的古人類丹尼索瓦人（Denisova）。重要的是，帕博還發現，大約7萬年前，隨着人類從非洲遷出後，基因從這些現已滅絕的古人類轉移到了智人身上。這種古老的基因流向現今的人類，在今天具有生理上的意義，例如影響我們的免疫系統對感染的反應。

pioneering /ˌpaɪəˈnɪə.rɪŋ/ 表示「先驅性的，開創性的」，英文解釋為「using ideas and methods that have never been used before」如：pioneering techniques 創新技術。

一些更聳人聽聞的報紙以很大篇幅報道了這一醜聞。

migration /maɪˈɡreɪ.ʃən/ 表示「（動物應季節變化而作出的）遷徙，移棲」，英文解釋為「the process of animals travelling to a different place, usually when the season changes」舉個🌰：

Christmas Island is known for its annual migration of 50 million bright red land crabs from the forest to the sea.

聖誕島聞名於世的奇觀是島上的五千萬隻鮮紅色陸蟹每年會從森林向海里移棲。

Pääbo’s seminal research gave rise to an entirely new scientific discipline: paleogenomics. By revealing genetic differences that distinguish all living humans from extinct hominins, his discoveries provide the basis for exploring what makes us uniquely human.

帕博的開創性研究催生了一門全新的科學學科：古基因組學（paleogenomics）。通過揭示區分所有活着人類和滅絕人類的基因差異，他的發現為探索是什麼讓我們成為獨特的人類提供了基礎。

表示「（對以後的發展）影響深遠的，有重大意義的；（文章、書等）開創性的，有重大影響的」，英文解釋為「a seminal article, book etc is important, and influences the way things develop in the future formal」，如：a seminal study 開創性研究，a seminal work/article 有巨大影響的著作/文章。

Born in Stockholm, Sweden in 1955, Svante Paabo earned his PhD degree from the University of Uppsala in 1986. He completed postdoctoral fellowships at the University of Zürich and also the University of California, Berkeley.

斯萬特·帕博1955年出生於瑞典斯德哥爾摩（Stockholm），1986年獲得烏普薩拉大學（University of Uppsala）博士學位。他在蘇黎世大學和加州大學伯克利分校完成了博士後研究。

doctor of philosophy 的縮寫，表示「（哲學）博士；（哲學）博士學位」，英文解釋為「abbreviation for doctor of philosophy: the highest college or university degree, or someone who has this」如：a PhD student/thesis 博士生/論文。

Paabo was appointed Professor at the University of Munich, Germany in 1990. In 1999 he founded the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany where he is still active. He also holds a position as adjunct Professor at Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Japan.

1990年，帕博被任命為德國慕尼黑大學的教授。1999年，他在德國萊比錫創立了馬克斯·普朗克進化人類學研究所

，至今仍在那裡工作。他還在日本沖繩科學技術大學院大學擔任兼職教授。

表示「兼職教授，客座教授，副教授」，An adjunct professor is a type of academic appointment in higher education who does not work at the establishment full-time.

Paabo’s father was the biochemist Sune Bergström, who was awarded a Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine with Bengt I. Samuelsson and John R. Vane in 1982. Paabo, who is a member of Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, has won many awards for his groundbreaking discoveries including the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize, the Louis-Jeantet Prize for Medicine, the Kistler Prize and the Dan David Prize.

帕博的父親是生物化學家蘇恩·伯格斯特龍（Sune Bergström），1982年，其父親與本特·I·薩繆爾森和約翰·R·韋恩一起獲得諾貝爾生理學或醫學獎。帕博是瑞典皇家科學院的成員，他的開創性發現獲得了許多獎項，包括戈特弗里德·威廉·萊布尼茨獎、路易斯·簡安特醫學獎、奇斯特勒獎和丹·大衛獎。

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