來源：果殼（ID：Guokr42）
〓緊急救援人員聚集在槍擊現場附近。｜DARIO LOPEZ-MILLS/ASSOCIATED PRESS
〓警察在發生槍擊事件的羅布小學外巡邏｜ DARIO LOPEZ-MILLS/ASSOCIATED PRESS
一、慢性壓力階段：在童年或青春期經歷一些長期的傷害或挫折，導致孤單，
二、無法控制壓力階段：由於孤單、社會隔離，導致了缺乏「親社會的支持系統」，於是壓力累積而無法消除，
三、急性壓力階段：發生短期的負面事件（可以是真實，也可以是想象），對個人來說特別具有破壞性，心理健康急劇惡化，
四、計劃階段：急迫地想恢復控制感，開始幻想大屠殺是唯一的解決方法和出路，開始行動，為屠殺做準備，
五、大屠殺階段：使用槍支，在校園等公共場合大屠殺。
①認為自己在社會裡處於極端邊緣的地位，
②有社會心理問題，例如精神疾病、嚴重抑鬱或反社會精神變態等，放大了個人感受到的社會排斥
③自己思考出了解決方法——武器攻擊，以改變自己的聲名，從一個失敗者，變成一個惡名遠揚者，
④執法和治安系統失靈，即使槍手發出了一些信號，但沒有被監測到
⑤獲得了槍支、炸藥或其他武器。
除非槍手還在逃，需要追捕，否則不必長篇累牘地報道槍手的名字、照片、人生。這些交由社會學家和犯罪學家來研究。如果需要報道，可以用代詞或者簡寫。
報道整個社區的悲慟和堅韌。報道那些受害者的名字，他們的照片，他們被奪走的人生。報道那些挺身而出、阻止槍手的英雄，讓英雄們的名字和照片廣泛傳播。
不要讓潛在的槍手升起對媒體報道和關注的渴望。
參考文獻
[1]Allely, C. S. (2020). The psychology of extreme violence: a case study approach to serial homicide, mass shooting, school shooting and lone-actor terrorism. Routledge.
[2]Lankford, A. (2016). Fame-seeking rampage shooters: initial findings and empirical predictions. Aggression and Violent Behavior, 27, 122–129.
[3]Lankford, A. (2018). Identifying potential mass shooters and suicide terrorists with warning signs of suicide, perceived victimization, and desires for attention or fame. Journal of Personality Assessment, 100(5), 471–482.
[4]Lankford, A. & Madfis, E. (2018). Don’t name them, don’t show them, but report everything else: A pragmatic proposal for denying mass killers the attention they seek and deterring future offenders. American Behavioral Scientist, 62(2), 260–279.
[5]Lankford, A., Adkins, K. G. & Madfis, E. (2019). Are the Deadliest Mass Shootings Preventable? An Assessment of Leakage, Information Reported to Law Enforcement, and Fire- arms Acquisition Prior to Attacks in the United States. Journal of Contemporary Criminal Justice, 1043986219840231.
[6]Vossekuil, B., Fein, R. A., Reddy, M., Borum, R. & Modzeleski, W. (2002). The final report and findings of the Safe School Initiative: Implications for the prevention of school attacks in the United States. Washington, DC: US Secret Service and US Department of Education.
[7]O』Toole, M. E. (2000). The school shooter: A threat assessment perspective. Federal Bureau of Investigation.
[8]Meloy, J. R., Hempel, A. G., Gray, B. T., Mohandie, K., Shiva, A. & Richards, T. C. (2004). A comparative analysis of North American adolescent and adult mass murderers. Behavioral Sciences and The Law, 22(3), 291–309.
[9]Levin, J. & Madfis, E. (2009). Mass murder at school and cumulative strain: A sequential model. American Behavioral Scientist, 52(9), 1227–1245.Murray, J. L. (2017a). The transcendent fantasy in mass killers.Deviant Behavior, 38(10), 1172–1185.
[10]NOVA (21 December 2012). Can science predict mass murder?www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/body/mass-murder.html
[11]Nast, C. (2015). How School Shootings Spread. New Yorker. Retrieved fromhttps://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/10/19/thresholds-of-violence
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