
作者/Suzanne Staggenborg(匹茲堡大學社會學教授),Marie B. Skoczylas(匹茲堡大學博士生)
翻譯/Aphra
排版/亦源 一沛 市民王八蛋
[譯者按]
本文從《美國女性社會運動的行動主義牛津手冊》 (The Oxford Handbook of U.S.Women's Social Movement Activism) 譯出,以饗讀者。原文著於 2017 年,自無法涵蓋近年來的法律變化和新的研究成果。且原文美國政治法律術語和組織名稱紛繁,筆者限於學力,難免有較多錯漏,還望讀者指正。
[摘要]
本章探討美國的女性主義者爭取墮胎和生育權利的歷史,並分析這些議題為何能持續動員相反運動的參與者。符號政治 (Symbolic politics) 是衝突長期存在的一個重要原因,而墮胎與生育權利則關乎對性別和性存在的關切;運動 / 反運動的動態變化也有助於保持衝突的活力:當一方贏得戰果,另一方則獲得動員的促力,彼此開始新一輪的爭鬥;女性主義的策略和框架也一直在適應政治和文化環境的變化,隨着不同群體(如年輕女性、有色人種女性)參與組織,她們為爭取墮胎和生育權利的鬥爭貢獻了新的框架和策略。
長期以來,在美國和許多國家,墮胎與生育權利一直是女性主義的關鍵議題。許多在「第二波」女性運動中活躍的女性即圍繞墮胎以及生育控制進行動員,而對這些權利的威脅則仍激勵着許多年輕的女性主義繼續參與當代的運動。本章將探討兩個主要問題:首先,墮胎和生育權利議題為何能持續動員參與者?其次,女性主義者如何有效地改變其戰略——包括衝突目的、戰術選擇和議題框架,以回應對生育權利的新挑戰?即使本章的重點是生育權利運動,我們也研究了反墮胎運動和更廣泛的反女權運動,因為這些反女權運動影響了女權運動的動員能力和戰略抉擇。鑑於墮胎具有深刻的個人重要性和象徵意義,我們也研究了墮胎議題對身處衝突兩端女性的激勵作用。對於如何解釋某一議題的動員能力和戰略抉擇,我們將介紹部分關鍵的理論觀點,其中包括符號政治。這一概念經常被用於研究墮胎議題、社會運動動員的原因、策略抉擇、運動/反運動的動態變化,這些均對理解圍繞墮胎的衝突至關重要。
我們首先介紹美國圍繞墮胎和生育開展的女性運動的歷史,並重點關注動員和戰略隨時間的演變;然後,我們研究為何墮胎對雙方而言都仍是個重大的議題;最後,我們評估墮胎和生育作為一個動員議題的持續重要性,以及女性運動調整其戰略的能力。

美國圍繞墮胎與生育的女性運動




紀錄片《大法官金斯伯格RBG》劇照
在 2016 年的最高法院的裁決之前,各州立法機構通過的限制墮胎法規數量一直在急劇上升,使女性更難獲得墮胎。在 2001 年至 2010 年期間,州級通過了 189 項限制墮胎法規(Boonstra 和 Nash 2014),而在 2011 年和 2014 年之間則急劇增加到 231 項 (Guttmacher Institute, January 5, 2015)。這些反墮胎的措施包括延長等待期、規定年齡限制、禁止聯邦醫療補助支付、限制保險範圍、父母知情同意、強制性超聲波檢測以及醫生必須向病人宣讀文本,而被宣讀的文本不準確地將墮胎與乳腺癌、心理疾病或自殺進行關聯 (Pollitt 2014: 24)。2015 年,亞利桑那州長首次簽署了一項法律,要求醫生告知客戶她們會經歷藥物流產的副作用 (Rojas 2015)。在俄亥俄州,立法者批准將資金用於「危機懷孕中心 (crisis pregnancy centers)」,這一中心勸說女性不要墮胎,而這些資金原本則計劃用於援助貧困家庭(Pollitt 2014: 24)。堪薩斯州立法機構通過了一項法律,限制最為常見的孕中期(四個月到六個月)的墮胎措施(Eckholm 和 Robles 2015)。2015 年夏,一個反墮胎組織開始在網上發布經過編輯的視頻,指責計劃生育協會從出售胎兒組織中獲利,在國會的共和黨人則作出響應,提案取消對計劃生育協會的聯邦資助的法案,而這些資助本大多用於一般性的健康保健服務 (Calmes 2015)。




隨着時間推移,墮胎衝突的性質明顯地發生了變化,性別和家庭角色也在進行演變。然而,性別議題仍是持續進行的圍繞墮胎鬥爭的核心,正如前文已詳述的最近新聞事件所表明的那樣。波利特 (Pollitt 2014:31) 認為,反墮胎運動並非僅是關乎胎兒的生命權,而且「也是對女性日益增長的自由和權力的抗議,包括她們在性方面的自由和權力」。她認為,關於墮胎的討論往往聚焦在對女性性存在的判斷上,如共和黨政治家進行的那些與強姦倖存者有關的廣泛宣傳,如托德·阿金 (Todd Akin) 斷言在所謂「合法」的強姦中不會發生懷孕 (2014:105)。佩奇 (2006) 還發現,反墮胎者反對性自由,且運動中的許多人既反對墮胎也反對避孕。即使女性在家庭外的工作已經變得普遍且廣泛接受,但她們作為性行為參與者的獨立性仍然是一個有爭議的問題,而這則影響了關於墮胎和節育的辯論。
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