鑽石舞台

耐心可能使人更長壽！

2016年，發表在《美國國家科學院院刊》（Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences）的一項研究表明，缺乏耐心的人要比有耐心的人更容易衰老，並且相比男性，這一趨勢在女性中尤為明顯。

「你的職責是平整土地，而非焦慮時光。你做三四月的事，在八九月自有答案。」—— 余世存

無注釋原文：

Think about it for a minute. We all want instant gratification and want things without waiting. We expect packages delivered the same day. We expect immediate results in the gym. We have food delivered to us already pre-cut so that we can get a meal cooked 10 minutes faster. We can even have a book read to us or summarized for us so that we don't have to read them. I think that has lead us to a life where we have very little patience. Maybe it is time we slow down and practice a little patience.

Being Impatient Can Make You Age Faster, Study Shows

From: IFLScience

Feb 23 2016

Don’t wish your life away, or you may end up getting what you wished for a little sooner than expected, according to the results of a new study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. By looking at genetic markers associated with cellular aging, researchers found that people who are impatient face a greater risk of biological decline than those who are a little more easy-going.

To conduct the study, researchers recruited 1,158 participants to take part in an experiment designed to measure their level of impatience, before conducting a genetic analysis of their blood cells in order to determine the length of their telomeres. These are sequences of DNA found at the ends of chromosomes that act as a kind of protective cap for the genetic information they contain.

Each time a cell divides, these telomeres become slightly eroded, eventually becoming so short that the cell itself is no longer able to continue dividing, entering a stage known as senescence. As such, telomere length provides a measure of cellular aging and is a reliable predictor of a person’s risk of disease and early mortality.

Knowing that the erosion of telomeres can be increased by a number of factors that can be brought on by stress, such as inflammation, the study authors sought to determine if impatience could contribute to this acceleration. More specifically, they wanted to know how telomere length is affected by delay discounting, which refers to a person’s tendency to devalue future outcomes relative to immediate desires, and has been associated with a range of negative traits such as substance abuse and physical inactivity.

To measure this, the study authors designed a range of behavioral economic tasks, such as asking participants to choose between receiving $100 immediately or a larger sum in 30 days. By raising and lowering this amount, the researchers were able to determine each participant’s minimum acceptable amount (MAA), meaning the lowest sum of money they would be willing to wait 30 days to receive.

Analyzing their data, the study authors found that those with a higher MAA tended to have shorter telomeres, indicating a negative correlation between delay discounting and cellular aging. Interestingly, this effect was far more pronounced in women than in men, leading the researchers to conclude that, on a cellular level, females may be more susceptible to aging as a result of psychological stress and impatience than males.

Though the researchers admit that they cannot say at this stage whether shorter telomere length causes impatience or impatience accelerates telomere erosion, they speculate that the latter is more likely. This is because they found no evidence that shortened telomere length affected participants』 ability to make rational decisions regarding longer-term financial investments.

However, the degree by which impatience accelerates telomere erosion also seems to be mitigated by certain genetic factors. For instance, since estrogen is known to act as an antioxidant that protects telomeres, the researchers decided to look for relationships between telomere length and an estrogen receptor gene called ESR2. In doing so, they found that those who carried a particular version of this gene were protected from the apparent effects of impatience.

Similarly, participants with a certain variation of the gene for the oxytocin receptor did not suffer from shortened telomeres even if they had high levels of impatience, indicating that the chemical messenger oxytocin – which is associated with decreased stress levels – may also have a protective effect.

- ◆ -

註：中文文本為機器翻譯僅供參考，並非一一對應

含注釋全文：

Think about it for a minute. We all want instant gratification and want things without waiting. We expect packages delivered the same day. We expect immediate results in the gym. We have food delivered to us already pre-cut so that we can get a meal cooked 10 minutes faster. We can even have a book read to us or summarized for us so that we don't have to read them. I think that has lead us to a life where we have very little patience. Maybe it is time we slow down and practice a little patience.

想一想。我們都想要即時滿足感，想要不用等待的東西。我們希望包裹在同一天就送達。我們希望健身完立刻就有效果。我們有預先切好的食物，這樣我們做一頓飯就可以快10分鐘。我們甚至可以聽書，或者讓人為我們總結，這樣我們就不必閱讀了。我想這已經導致我們對生活幾乎沒有耐心了。也許是時候放慢腳步，多一點耐心了。

表示「滿足；滿意；快感；令人喜悅的事物」，英文解釋為「the state of feeling pleasure when sth goes well for you or when your desires are satisfied; sth that gives you pleasure」

Being Impatient Can Make You Age Faster, Study Shows

From: IFLScience

Feb 23 2016

Don’t wish your life away, or you may end up getting what you wished for a little sooner than expected, according to the results of a new study published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. By looking at genetic markers associated with cellular aging, researchers found that people who are impatient face a greater risk of biological decline than those who are a little more easy-going.

根據發表在《美國國家科學院院刊》（Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences）上的一項最新研究，別忽視眼下而急着想將來，否則你可能會比預期更早地「如願」。通過觀察與細胞衰老相關的遺傳標記，研究人員發現，缺乏耐心的人比那些更不慌不忙的人面臨更大的衰老風險。

表示「（不採取任何行動而）希望問題消失；以主觀希望其不存在來擺脫（某事物）」，英文解釋為「to do nothing and hope that a problem will disappear」舉個🌰：

Some people seem to think if they wish the disease away, then it will go away.

有些人似乎認為只要他們希望疾病消失，疾病就會自行消失。

1）表示「一系列事件；一系列活動」，英文解釋為「a series of events that happen in a planned and controlled way」舉個🌰：

Millions of people watched the proceedings on television.

數百萬人通過電視觀看了這一系列活動。

2）表示「訴訟」，英文解釋為「legal action」舉個🌰：

I started legal proceedings to try to have him taken away from his parents permanently.

我提起訴訟，想把他從父母身邊永遠帶走。

3）表示「（會議等的）正式記錄；公報」，英文解釋為「the official written report of a meeting, etc.」

表示「基因的；遺傳信息的」，英文解釋為「belonging or relating to genes (= parts of the DNA in cells) received by each animal or plant from its parents」如：a genetic defect/disease 基因缺陷/遺傳性疾病。

cellular /ˈsel.jə.lər/ 表示「細胞的」，英文解釋為「connected with the cells of a plant or animal」

To conduct the study, researchers recruited 1,158 participants to take part in an experiment designed to measure their level of impatience, before conducting a genetic analysis of their blood cells in order to determine the length of their telomeres. These are sequences of DNA found at the ends of chromosomes that act as a kind of protective cap for the genetic information they contain.

為了進行這項研究，研究人員招募了1158名參與者，讓他們參與一項旨在度量他們不耐心程度的實驗，然後對他們的血細胞進行基因分析，以確定他們的染色體端粒長度。端粒是染色體末端的DNA序列，對染色體所含的基因信息起到保護帽的作用。

表示「招聘，吸收；（尤指軍隊）徵募新兵」，英文解釋為「to persuade someone to work for a company or become a new member of an organization, especially the army」舉個🌰：

Even young boys are now being recruited into the army.

就連很年輕的男孩子都被徵召入伍了。

telomere /ˈtiː.lə.mɪər/ 表示「（染色體的）端粒」，英文解釋為「a structure at the end of a chromosome that protects it」

chromosome /ˈkrəʊ.mə.səʊm/ 表示「染色體」，英文解釋為「any of the rod-like structures found in all living cells, containing the chemical patterns that control what an animal or plant is like」如：X and Y chromosomes X染色體和Y染色體。

Each time a cell divides, these telomeres become slightly eroded, eventually becoming so short that the cell itself is no longer able to continue dividing, entering a stage known as senescence. As such, telomere length provides a measure of cellular aging and is a reliable predictor of a person’s risk of disease and early mortality.

細胞每次分裂時，這些端粒都會被輕微侵蝕（縮短），最終短到細胞本身不再能夠繼續分裂，進入所謂的衰老階段。因此，端粒長度提供了細胞衰老的衡量標準，也是一個人疾病和早期死亡風險的可靠預測指標。

表示「降低，削弱」，英文解釋為「If the value of something erodes or is eroded by something such as inflation or age, its value decreases.」舉個🌰：

Competition in the financial marketplace has eroded profits.

金融市場的競爭降低了利潤。

還可以指「（氣候）侵蝕，腐蝕；（岩石、土壤）風化」等（if the weather erodes rock or soil, or if rock or soil erodes, its surface is gradually destroyed），如：soil erosion 水土流失。

senescence /sɪˈnes.əns/ 表示「衰老，變老」，英文解釋為「the fact of becoming older, and therefore being in less good condition and less able to function well」舉個🌰：

Senescence refers to gradual deterioration with age and in animals is typically very obvious under zoo conditions.

衰老是指隨着年齡的增長功能逐漸退化，在動物園條件下，動物的衰老通常非常明顯。

mortality /mɔːˈtælɪtɪ/ 表示「死亡數量；死亡率」，英文解釋為「the number of deaths in a particular situation or period of time」。

區分：

📍morbidity /mɔːˈbɪdɪtɪ/ 表示「發病（率）」，英文解釋為「the morbidity of a disease is how many people have it in a particular population」。

Knowing that the erosion of telomeres can be increased by a number of factors that can be brought on by stress, such as inflammation, the study authors sought to determine if impatience could contribute to this acceleration. More specifically, they wanted to know how telomere length is affected by delay discounting, which refers to a person’s tendency to devalue future outcomes relative to immediate desires, and has been associated with a range of negative traits such as substance abuse and physical inactivity.

考慮到由壓力引發的多種因素（如炎症）會增加端粒的受侵蝕程度，研究作者們試圖確定不耐煩是否會加速端粒受侵蝕。更具體地說，他們想知道端粒長度是如何受到延遲貼現（delay discounting）影響的，延遲貼現是指一個人往往輕視未來的結果，而不是眼前的欲望（註：即延遲滿足還是及時行樂），並且與藥物濫用和缺乏身體鍛煉等一系列負面特徵有關。

表示「侵蝕；腐蝕；磨損」，英文解釋為「the fact of soil, stone, etc. being gradually damaged and removed by the waves, rain, or wind」如：soil/coastal erosion 水土流失/海岸侵蝕。

表示「發炎；炎症」，英文解釋為「An inflammation is a painful redness or swelling of a part of your body that results from an infection, injury, or illness.」

1）表示「（思想、行為等的）傾向」，英文解釋為「If someone has a tendency to do or like something, they will probably do it or like it.」舉個🌰：

His tendency to exaggerate is well known.

他喜歡誇張是出了名的。

2）表示「（某事發展的）傾向」，英文解釋為「If there is a tendency to do something, it starts to happen more often or starts to increase.」舉個🌰：

There is a growing tendency to regard money more highly than quality of life.

越來越多的人傾向於把金錢看得重於生活質量。

表示「貶低；輕視」，英文解釋為「to cause someone or something to be considered less valuable or important」舉個🌰：

I don't want to devalue his achievement, but he managed to get a promotion without working very hard.

我不想貶低他的成績，但他似乎沒有真正努力就得到了升遷。

To measure this, the study authors designed a range of behavioral economic tasks, such as asking participants to choose between receiving $100 immediately or a larger sum in 30 days. By raising and lowering this amount, the researchers were able to determine each participant’s minimum acceptable amount (MAA), meaning the lowest sum of money they would be willing to wait 30 days to receive.

為了衡量這一點，研究作者設計了一系列行為經濟學任務，比如要求參與者在立即收到100美元或30天內收到更大金額之間做出選擇。通過提高和降低這一金額，研究人員能夠確定每個參與者的最低可接受金額（MAA），這意味着他們願意等待30天才能收到的最低金額。

Analyzing their data, the study authors found that those with a higher MAA tended to have shorter telomeres, indicating a negative correlation between delay discounting and cellular aging. Interestingly, this effect was far more pronounced in women than in men, leading the researchers to conclude that, on a cellular level, females may be more susceptible to aging as a result of psychological stress and impatience than males.

研究作者在分析他們的數據時發現，那些具有較高最低可接受金額的人往往具有較短的端粒，這表明延遲貼現和細胞老化之間存在着負相關關係。有趣的是，這種影響在女性中遠比在男性中明顯，這使得研究人員得出結論，在細胞層面上，由於心理壓力和缺乏耐心，女性可能比男性更容易衰老。

pronounced /prəˈnaʊnst/ 表示「明顯的；明確的」，英文解釋為「very noticeable or certain」舉個🌰：

I'm told I have a very pronounced Chinese accent when I speak English.

有人告訴我說，我在說英語時有明顯的中式口音。

susceptible /səˈseptəbl/ 表示「易受影響（或傷害等）；敏感；過敏」，英文解釋為「very likely to be influenced, harmed or affected by sb/sth」舉個🌰：

Some of these plants are more susceptible to frost damage than others.

這些植物中有一些較其他的易受霜凍危害。

Though the researchers admit that they cannot say at this stage whether shorter telomere length causes impatience or impatience accelerates telomere erosion, they speculate that the latter is more likely. This is because they found no evidence that shortened telomere length affected participants』 ability to make rational decisions regarding longer-term financial investments.

儘管研究人員承認，他們目前還不能說端粒長度較短會導致缺乏耐心還是缺乏耐心會加速端粒受侵蝕，但他們推測後者更有可能。這是因為他們沒有發現任何證據表明端粒長度縮短會影響參與者對長期財務投資做出理性決策的能力。

表示「推測；猜測；推斷」，英文解釋為「to form an opinion about sth without knowing all the details or facts」舉個🌰：

We all speculated about the reasons for her resignation.

我們大家都推測過她辭職的原因。

📺美劇《24小時》（24 Hours）中的台詞提到：I wouldn't want to speculate at this time, 這次我不想妄加揣測。

表示「頭腦清醒的；理智的」，英文解釋為「based on clear thought and reason」舉個🌰：

There must be some rational explanation for what happened.

對發生的事一定有一個理性的解釋。

However, the degree by which impatience accelerates telomere erosion also seems to be mitigated by certain genetic factors. For instance, since estrogen is known to act as an antioxidant that protects telomeres, the researchers decided to look for relationships between telomere length and an estrogen receptor gene called ESR2. In doing so, they found that those who carried a particular version of this gene were protected from the apparent effects of impatience.

然而，缺乏耐心加速端粒受侵蝕的程度似乎也會被某些遺傳因素所緩解。例如，由於雌性激素被認為是一種保護端粒的抗氧化劑，研究人員決定探索端粒長度與一種名為ESR2的雌姓激素受體基因之間的關係。在這一過程中，他們發現那些攜帶該基因特定版本的人得到了保護，明顯未受到缺乏耐心的影響。

表示「減輕，緩解，緩和」，英文解釋為「to make a situation or the effects of something less unpleasant, harmful, or serious」舉個🌰：

Measures need to be taken to mitigate the environmental effects of burning more coal. 需要採取措施來減輕燃煤增加對環境造成的影響。

英式 oestrogen 美式 estrogen 表示「雌激素」，英文解釋為「a female hormone that causes development and change in the reproductive organs (= organs involved in producing babies)」

antioxidant /ˌæn.tiˈɒk.sɪ.dənt/ 表示「抗氧化劑，阻氧化劑，防老（化）劑」，英文解釋為「a substance that slows down the rate at which something decays because of oxidization」

表示「感受器；受體」，英文解釋為「a nerve ending which receives information about changes in light, heat etc and causes the body to react in particular ways」。

Similarly, participants with a certain variation of the gene for the oxytocin receptor did not suffer from shortened telomeres even if they had high levels of impatience, indicating that the chemical messenger oxytocin – which is associated with decreased stress levels – may also have a protective effect.

同樣，擁有催產素受體基因某種變體的參與者即使不耐煩程度很高，也不會出現端粒縮短的情況，這表明與壓力水平降低相關的化學信使催產素也可能具有保護作用。

表示「變種，變體；變化了的東西」，英文解釋為「something that is slightly different from the usual form or arrangement」舉個🌰：

There are wide variations in the way pensioners have benefited from the system.

養老金領取者從這個體制中受益的情況有很大差別。

oxytocin /ˌɑːk.sɪˈtoʊ-/ 表示「催產素」，英文解釋為「a hormone that helps with labour (= the process of pushing out a baby) and helps women and female mammals to produce milk.」

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recruit

telomere

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senescence

mortality

erosion

inflammation

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mitigate

estrogen

antioxidant

receptor

variation

oxytocin

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