鑽石舞台

近日，牛津大學研究者發表在《柳葉刀·精神病學》（Lancet Psychiatry）上的一項研究成果表明，相比於其他呼吸道感染，新冠感染兩年後的人，患痴呆症、精神疾病和腦霧的風險明顯增加。

據了解，該研究分析了128萬例新冠確診病例，是該類研究中規模最大的。

此外，該研究還發現，在成年人中，感染新冠後抑鬱或焦慮的風險增加，但在大約兩個月內即恢復到與其他呼吸道感染相同的水平。

無注釋原文：

Covid linked to longer-term elevated risk of brain fog and dementia

The Guardian

Millions of people who have had Covid-19 still face a higher risk of neurological and psychiatric conditions, including brain fog, dementia and psychosis, two years after their illness, compared with those who have had other respiratory infections, according to the single largest study of its kind.

They also face an increased risk of anxiety and depression, the research suggests, but this subsides within two months of having Covid-19. Over two years the risk is no more likely than after other respiratory infections. The findings are published in the Lancet Psychiatry journal.

Almost 600m Covid-19 cases have been recorded worldwide since the start of the pandemic, and there has been growing evidence that people who survive the disease face increased risks of neurological and psychiatric conditions.

Previous studies have found that people face higher risks of several neurological and mental health conditions in the first six months after infection. Until now, however, there has been no large-scale data examining the risks over a longer time period. The new study, by the University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, analysed 1.28m Covid-19 cases over two years.

Dr Max Taquet, who led the analyses at the University of Oxford, said: 「The findings shed new light on the longer-term mental and brain health consequences for people following Covid-19 infection. The results have implications for patients and health services and highlight the need for more research to understand why this happens after Covid-19, and what can be done to prevent these disorders from occurring, or treat them when they do.」

The study analysed data on 14 neurological and psychiatric diagnoses from electronic health records mostly from the US. It found that in adults the risk of depression or anxiety increased after Covid-19 but returned to the same as with other respiratory infections within about two months.

However, the risk of some other neurological and mental health conditions remained higher after Covid-19 than for other respiratory infections at the end of the two-year follow-up.

Adults aged 64 and under who had Covid-19 had a higher risk of brain fog (640 cases per 10,000 people) compared with those who had other respiratory infections (550 cases per 10,000 people).

In those aged 65 and over who had Covid-19, there was a higher occurrence of brain fog (1,540 cases per 10,000 people), dementia (450 cases per 10,000 people) and psychotic disorders (85 cases per 10,000 people) compared with those who previously had a different respiratory infection (1,230 cases per 10,000 for brain fog, 330 cases per 10,000 for dementia and 60 cases per 10,000 for psychotic disorder).

Results in children showed similarities and differences to adults. The likelihood of most diagnoses after Covid-19 was lower than in adults, and they were not at greater risk of anxiety or depression than children who had other respiratory infections. However, like adults, children recovering from Covid-19 were more likely to be diagnosed with some conditions, including seizures and psychotic disorders.

More neurological and psychiatric disorders were seen during the Delta variant wave than with the prior Alpha variant. The Omicron wave was linked with similar neurological and psychiatric risks as Delta.

The researchers cautioned that there were some important limitations to consider. The study may underrepresent self-diagnosed and asymptomatic cases of Covid-19 as these are unlikely to be recorded. It also did not look at the severity or length of conditions after Covid-19 and how they compare with other respiratory infections.

Prof Paul Harrison, who led the study at the University of Oxford, said: 「It is good news that the excess of depression and anxiety diagnoses after Covid-19 is short-lived, and that it is not observed in children. However, it is worrying that some other disorders, such as dementia and seizures, continue to be more likely diagnosed after Covid-19, even two years later.」

- ◆ -

註：中文文本為機器翻譯僅供參考，並非一一對應

含注釋全文：

Covid linked to longer-term elevated risk of brain fog and dementia

The Guardian

Millions of people who have had Covid-19 still face a higher risk of neurological and psychiatric conditions, including brain fog, dementia and psychosis, two years after their illness, compared with those who have had other respiratory infections, according to the single largest study of its kind.

根據同類中規模最大的一項研究，與患有其他呼吸道感染的人相比，數百萬感染新冠的人在患病兩年後仍然面臨更高的神經和精神類疾病風險，包括腦霧、痴呆症和精神病。

neurological /ˌnjʊərəˈlɒdʒɪkəl/ 表示「神經系統的；神經（病）學的」，英文解釋為「Neurological means related to the nervous system.」

🎬電影《奇異博士》（Doctor Strange）中的台詞提到：I'm talking tonight at a neurological society dinner. 我要在今晚神經學學會晚宴上演講。

psychiatric /ˌsaɪkɪˈætrɪk/ 表示「精神病（學）的」，英文解釋為「of or relating to the study of mental illness」如：psychiatric treatment 精神病治療。

表示「腦霧，難以集中精神，無法清晰思考」，英文解釋為「a condition in which you cannot think clearly or pay attention to things in a satisfactory way」舉個🌰：

Side-effects of the treatment include tiredness and brain fog.

治療的副作用包括出現疲勞和腦霧。

dementia /dɪˈmenʃə/表示「（尤指老年性）痴呆」，英文解釋為「a medical condition that affects especially old people, causing the memory and other mental abilities to gradually become worse, and leading to confused behaviour」

表示「精神病，精神變態」，英文解釋為「any of a number of the more severe mental diseases that make someone believe things that are not real」舉個🌰：

She fell into a drug-induced psychosis.

她因吸毒而患上了精神病。

respiratory /ˈrɛspərətərɪ/ 表示「呼吸的」，英文解釋為「connected with breathing」，如：the respiratory system 呼吸系統，respiratory diseases 呼吸道疾病。

They also face an increased risk of anxiety and depression, the research suggests, but this subsides within two months of having Covid-19. Over two years the risk is no more likely than after other respiratory infections. The findings are published in the Lancet Psychiatry journal.

研究表明，他們還面臨着焦慮和抑鬱的風險增加，但在患新冠肺炎後兩個月內，這種風險就會消退。兩年後，這種風險並不比其他呼吸道感染後的風險更大。該研究成果發表在《柳葉刀·精神病學》（Lancet Psychiatry）雜誌上。

表示「減弱；平息」，英文解釋為「If a feeling or noise subsides, it becomes less strong or loud.」舉個🌰：

The pain had subsided during the night.

那疼痛在晚間已減輕了。

📍《經濟學人》（The Economist）一篇講述貝佐斯的文章中提到：One question is whether the digital surge will subside. 一個問題是這輪數字化浪潮會否退去。

Almost 600m Covid-19 cases have been recorded worldwide since the start of the pandemic, and there has been growing evidence that people who survive the disease face increased risks of neurological and psychiatric conditions.

自新冠疫情以來，全世界報告了近六億例新冠確診病例，越來越多的證據表明，疾病倖存者面臨神經和精神疾病風險的增加。

Previous studies have found that people face higher risks of several neurological and mental health conditions in the first six months after infection. Until now, however, there has been no large-scale data examining the risks over a longer time period. The new study, by the University of Oxford and the National Institute for Health and Care Research Oxford Health Biomedical Research Centre, analysed 1.28m Covid-19 cases over two years.

先前的研究發現，人們在感染後的前六個月面臨更高的幾種神經和精神健康狀況的風險。然而，迄今為止，還沒有大規模數據來研究更長時間內的風險。牛津大學和牛津健康生物醫學研究中心國家健康和護理研究所的這項新研究分析了兩年內128萬例新冠確診病例。

Dr Max Taquet, who led the analyses at the University of Oxford, said: 「The findings shed new light on the longer-term mental and brain health consequences for people following Covid-19 infection. The results have implications for patients and health services and highlight the need for more research to understand why this happens after Covid-19, and what can be done to prevent these disorders from occurring, or treat them when they do.」

牛津大學的馬克斯·塔奎博士（Dr Max Taquet）帶領了這項分析，他說：「這些發現為感染新冠後人們心理和大腦健康的長期後果提供了新的啟示。這些結果對患者和醫療服務具有意義，並強調需要進行更多的研究來理解感染新冠後為什麼會發生這種情況，以及如何防止這些疾病的發生，或者在它們發生時進行治療。」

cast/shed/throw light on sth 表示「使（問題等）較容易理解；為…提供解釋；使…較容易理解；闡明；使…清楚地顯出」，英文解釋為「to make a problem, etc. easier to understand」舉個🌰：

As an economist, he was able to shed some light on the problem.

作為經濟學家，他能解釋這個問題。

1）表示「可能的影響（或作用、結果）」，英文解釋為「a possible effect or result of an action or a decision」舉個🌰：

The development of the site will have implications for the surrounding countryside.

這個地點的開發將會影響周圍的鄉村。

2）表示「含意；暗指，暗示」，英文解釋為「an occasion when you seem to suggest something without saying it directly」舉個🌰：

From what she said, the implication was that they were splitting up.

她的話中暗示他們將要分手。

1）表示「混亂，凌亂，雜亂無章」，英文解釋為「a state of untidiness or lack of organization」舉個🌰：

he whole office was in a state of disorder.

整個辦公室里凌亂不堪。

2）表示「失調，紊亂」，英文解釋為「an illness of the mind or body」如：a blood disorder 血液失調。

The study analysed data on 14 neurological and psychiatric diagnoses from electronic health records mostly from the US. It found that in adults the risk of depression or anxiety increased after Covid-19 but returned to the same as with other respiratory infections within about two months.

該研究分析了主要來自美國的電子病歷中14項神經和精神疾病診斷的數據。它發現，在成年人中，感染新冠後抑鬱或焦慮的風險增加，但在大約兩個月內恢復到與其他呼吸道感染相同的水平。

名詞形式：diagnosis /ˌdaɪəɡˈnəʊsɪs/ 複數 diagnoses

而 diagnose /ˈdaɪəɡˌnəʊz/ 本身作動詞，表示「診斷（病症）；查出（問題）」，英文解釋為「to recognize and name the exact character of a disease or a problem, by examining it」舉個🌰：

She was diagnosed with/as having diabetes.

她被查出患有糖尿病。

The electrician has diagnosed a fault in the wiring.

電工查出了一處線路故障。

📍可以看出，除了指查出病症，也可以指查出故障或者問題。

However, the risk of some other neurological and mental health conditions remained higher after Covid-19 than for other respiratory infections at the end of the two-year follow-up.

然而，在兩年隨訪結束時，感染新冠後一些其他神經和精神健康狀況的風險仍然高於其他呼吸道感染。

Adults aged 64 and under who had Covid-19 had a higher risk of brain fog (640 cases per 10,000 people) compared with those who had other respiratory infections (550 cases per 10,000 people).

64歲及以下感染新冠的成年人患腦霧的風險（每10,000人640例）高於患有其他呼吸道感染的成年人（每10,000人550例）。

In those aged 65 and over who had Covid-19, there was a higher occurrence of brain fog (1,540 cases per 10,000 people), dementia (450 cases per 10,000 people) and psychotic disorders (85 cases per 10,000 people) compared with those who previously had a different respiratory infection (1,230 cases per 10,000 for brain fog, 330 cases per 10,000 for dementia and 60 cases per 10,000 for psychotic disorder).

在65歲及以上感染新冠的人中，與那些以前患有不同呼吸道感染的人相比，腦霧（每10,000人1,540例）、痴呆症（每10,000人450例）和精神病性障礙（每10,000人85例）的發生率更高（腦霧1,230例，痴呆症330例，精神病性障礙60例）。

psychotic /saɪˈkɒt.ɪk/ 表示「精神病的，患精神病的」，英文解釋為「suffering from psychosis (= severe mental disease)」如：a psychotic disorder 精神錯亂。

Results in children showed similarities and differences to adults. The likelihood of most diagnoses after Covid-19 was lower than in adults, and they were not at greater risk of anxiety or depression than children who had other respiratory infections. However, like adults, children recovering from Covid-19 were more likely to be diagnosed with some conditions, including seizures and psychotic disorders.

兒童的結果與成人有相似之處，也有不同之處。感染新冠後大多數診斷的可能性低於成人，他們患焦慮或抑鬱的風險也不比患有其他呼吸道感染的兒童高。然而，與成人一樣，感染新冠後康復的兒童更有可能被診斷患有某些疾病，包括癲癇發作和精神病性障礙。

seizure /ˈsiːʒə/ 1）表示「占領，奪取，攫取；查封，沒收，充公」，英文解釋為「the action of taking something by force or with legal authority」，如：the seizure of power/property/control 對權力/財產/控制權的攫取。

2）表示「心臟病突發」，英文解釋為「a sudden failure of the heart」舉個🌰：

He died of a seizure.

他死於心臟病突發。

也可以泛指疾病的驟發，突發，發作，英文解釋：a very sudden attack of an illness in which someone becomes unconscious or develops violent movements，如：an epileptic seizure 癲癇突發。

More neurological and psychiatric disorders were seen during the Delta variant wave than with the prior Alpha variant. The Omicron wave was linked with similar neurological and psychiatric risks as Delta.

與之前的感染阿爾法（Alpha）毒株的人相比，感染德爾塔（Delta）毒株的人出現了更多的神經和精神疾病。與德爾塔毒株類似，感染奧密克戎波的人，有患神經和精神疾病的風險。

表示「變體；變種」，英文解釋為「Avariantof a particular thing is something that has a different form from that thing, although it is related to it.」舉個🌰：

The quagga was a strikingly beautiful variant of the zebra.

白氏斑馬是一種極其美麗的斑馬變種。

The researchers cautioned that there were some important limitations to consider. The study may underrepresent self-diagnosed and asymptomatic cases of Covid-19 as these are unlikely to be recorded. It also did not look at the severity or length of conditions after Covid-19 and how they compare with other respiratory infections.

研究人員告誡說，有一些重大的局限性需要考慮。這項研究中自我診斷和無症狀的新冠確診病例的代表性可能不足，因為這些病例不太可能被記錄下來。該研究也沒有分析感染新冠後的嚴重程度或持續時間，以及它們與其他呼吸道感染的比較。

作動詞，表示「告誡；提醒」，英文解釋為「to warn someone」舉個🌰：

The newspaper cautioned its readers against buying shares without getting good advice first.

報紙告誡讀者事先沒有獲得好的建議，不要購買股票。

複數，特指「局限，局限性」，英文解釋為「If someone or something has limitations, that person or thing is not as good as he, she, or it could be.」舉個🌰：

Living in an apartment is fine, but it does have its limitations - for example, you don't have your own garden.

住公寓不錯，但也有其局限性——如沒有自己的花園。

asymptomatic /æˌsɪmptəˈmætɪk/ 表示「無症狀的」，英文解釋為「If someone with a disease isasymptomatic, it means that they do not show any symptoms of the disease.」

Prof Paul Harrison, who led the study at the University of Oxford, said: 「It is good news that the excess of depression and anxiety diagnoses after Covid-19 is short-lived, and that it is not observed in children. However, it is worrying that some other disorders, such as dementia and seizures, continue to be more likely diagnosed after Covid-19, even two years later.」

牛津大學帶領這項研究的保羅·哈里森教授（Prof Paul Harrison）說：「感染新冠後診斷出過多的抑鬱和焦慮是短暫的，而且在兒童中沒有這個現象，這是個好消息。然而，令人擔憂的是，一些其他疾病，如痴呆症和癲癇發作，即使是兩年後，感染新冠後仍然更有可能被診斷出來。」

表示「短暫的；短命的」，英文解釋為「If a feeling or experience is short-lived, it only lasts for a short time.」舉個🌰：

I had a few relationships at college, most of which were fairly short-lived.

我在大學時談過幾次戀愛，但大多都十分短暫。

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