鑽石舞台

picture from Internet

1.構建和指標：本體分析

構建和指標是許多尋求構建和測試理論的研究者的核心工作，研究者通過構建和指標解釋現實世界現象。關於構建和指標的性質存在廣泛的討論，並逐漸出現爭議。使用Bunge’s (1977, 1979) 本體論，本文檢驗現存文獻中探討的構建和指標的性質。本文精確地定義了這些概念，並將概念與測量問題分離，並指出可以更好進行的方式。本文展示了一維構建、多維構建，維度和指標是一類事物時的所有屬性。本文同時展示只有焦點構建的同義詞、包含焦點構建的預排序中成功的或之前的屬性，三類指標存在。本文從本體論上考察了內容效度、收斂效度、區別效度和內部一致性信度的概念，並展示了它們問題的本質。本文介紹了兩個概念，具有嚴格的本體論基礎的範圍效度和指標的伴隨水平。它們共同為評估指標集的結構效度提供了改進的基礎。

Constructs and indicators are central to the efforts of many researchers who seek to build and test theories and articulate rich narratives about real-world phenomena. For this reason, an extensive discourse exists about their nature. Increasingly, this discourse has become fraught with controversy. Using Bunge’s (1977, 1979) ontology, I examine the nature of constructs and indicators as they are discussed in the extant literature. I define these concepts precisely, disentangle conceptual from measurement issues, and point to ways that discourse about them could better proceed. I show that unidimensional constructs, multidimensional constructs, dimensions, and indicators are all properties in general of a class of things. I also show that only three types of indicators exist—synonyms of the focal construct and succeeding or preceding properties in a pre-order of properties that includes the focal construct. I examine ontologically the notions of content validity, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and internal-consistency reliability and show their problematic nature. I introduce two new concepts, scope validity and the level of concomitance of indicators, that have rigorous ontological foundations. Together, they provide an improved foundation for assessing the construct validity of a set of indicators.

參考文獻：Ron Weber, Constructs and Indicators: An Ontological Analysis. [J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 1644-1678.

2. 社交媒體的影響：2011年埃及革命期間的推文調查

本文通過社會運動理論視角，調查Twitter上個體用戶在2011年埃及革命期間社交影響的驅動因素。根據這一視角，研究提出一個持續社交影響的拓展模型(將轉發數量作為用戶影響的測量指標)作為個體Twitter用戶社交活動二元性和潛在促進Twitter網絡結構的函數。基於對有關社會運動的大規模Twitter數據集的分析，研究檢驗個體社交活動的特徵，即Twitter用戶的活動和所處時期，網絡促進的特徵(粉絲數量和Twitter社區結構的中心性)在運動期間是如何影響轉發的。使用包含機器學習和人工標籤的混合方法，研究將Twitter用戶社交相關的參與活動概念化，並映射到社會運動框架。有關個體社交活動，社會活動相關的「誰」「在哪」活動，和「參與活動的時間」對社交影響產生影響。就促進結構，關注者網絡(被觀測的網絡結構)和中心性(未被觀測的網絡結構)對轉發產生影響。

Through the lens of social movement theory, this paper investigates the drivers of individual users』 social influence on Twitter during the Egyptian Revolution of 2011. Following this lens, we suggest an extended model of sustained social influence (that considers retweets as the measure of user influence) as a function of the duality of individual Twitter users』 social actions and the underlying facilitating Twitter network structure. Based on an analysis of organic large-scale Twitter data on this social movement, we examine how characteristics of individuals』 social actions, namely activity and tenure on Twitter, and characteristics facilitated by the network (i.e., the number of followers as well as centrality in the community structure of Twitter), impact retweet influence in time windows spanning the movement. Utilizing a mixed methods approach consisting of machine learning and human coding we conceptualize social movement-related engagement activities of Twitter users, which map to generic frames of social movement mobilization. The analysis reveals interesting patterns across different contexts of the Egyptian Revolution. Regarding individual social action, social movement related to 「who」 and 「where」 activities, as well as tenure, were found to contribute to individual social influence. In terms of the facilitating structure, the follower network (an observed network structure) and centrality (an unobserved network structure) were both found to contribute significantly to sustained influence

參考文獻: Srikanth Venkatesan, Rohit Valecha, Niam Yaraghi, Onook Oh, H. Raghav Rao. Influence in social media: An investigation of tweets spanning the 2011 Egyptian revolution [J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 1679-1714.

3. 檢驗違反信息安全政策的神經基礎：一種非侵入腦刺激方法

非侵入信息安全策略(ISP)違規行為會對組織造成重大損害。本文拓展對員工為什麼從事此類行為的理解。大量違反ISP的研究都是基於人們違反ISP以獲得個人利益的原則，正如理性選擇和期望理論所解釋的。但是這個假設檢驗不充分，主要使用相關方法。本文目的是通過使用非侵入腦刺激方法(NIBS)技術來改善這一論點的因果基礎，這實際上調節大腦處理價值/收益評估區域的大腦活動。因此，NIBS可以大大增加因果關係，預期的獎勵會導致違反ISP規範。本文基於期望理論和神經科學知識來將為什麼降低左背外側前額葉皮層(LDLPFC)神經元的興奮性可以降低對違反ISP理論化。本文使用一種稱之為高清直流電刺激(HD-tDCS)的NIBS技術的四個實驗來檢驗這一想法。研究發現支持L DLPFC很可能涉及到違反ISP的期望理論的主張，並且為這種違反行為背書可以通過NIBS技術進行實驗調整。這些發現擴展了對網絡安全行為的理解，提高了對理性選擇理論研究中最常見假設的因果支持，理性選擇模型研究ISP違反由感知利益刺激，指出需要考慮L DLPFC研究在技術中介活動中的積極效用（或有吸引力的），並為未來腦刺激技術在信息系統中開展更顯著的因果關係研究鋪平了道路。

Nonmalicious information security policy (ISP) violations can cause organizations significant harm. Here, we aim to extend the understanding of why employees engage in such acts. A large body of ISP violation research is based on the tenet that people violate ISPs to obtain personal benefits, as explained by rational choice and expectancy theories. But this assumption has only been weakly tested, using mostly correlational approaches. Our objective is to improve the causal basis for this argument by using a noninvasive brain stimulation (NIBS) technique, which actually modulates brain activity in regions of the brain that process value/gain assessments. Therefore, it can substantially increase the claim of causality—that expected rewards lead to ISP violations. To do so, we build on expectancy theory and neuroscience knowledge to theorize why reducing the excitability of neurons in the left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex (L DLPFC) can lower the endorsement of ISP violations. We test this idea in four experiments in which we use a NIBS technique called high-definition direct current stimulation (HD-tDCS). Our findings support the assertion that the L DLPFC is likely involved in the expectancy theory of ISP violations, and that endorsing such violations can be experimentally adjusted with NIBS techniques. These findings extend the understanding of cybersecurity behaviors, improve the causal support for the common assumption made by rational choice theory studies that ISP violations are motivated through perceived benefits, point to the need to consider the L DLPFC in research on positively valenced (or attractive) technology-mediated actions, and pave the way for future use of brain stimulation techniques for stronger causality claims in information systems research.

參考文獻：Turel O, He Q, Wen Y. Examining the Neural Basis of Information Security Policy Violations: A Non-Invasive Brain Stimulation Approach[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2020, 45(4):1715-1744.

4. 誰忘記了在線市場的篩查，為什麼？來自Airbnb的證據

篩查被認為是緩解信息不對稱的必要機制，但也引起了人們對在線P2P市場平台中歧視增加的擔憂。矛盾的是，商品和服務的提供者也可能自願放棄篩查，即使這增加了與不匹配相關的風險和成本。本文研究誰可能會選擇放棄篩查、為什麼，以及放棄篩查對其績效結果的影響。本文研究的實證背景是Airbnb平台，其中「立即預定」功能使房主可以放棄對客人的篩查。利用2015年8月至2017年2月期間紐約市所有房屋列表的獨特面板數據集，首先探索了自願切換到立即預定的前提，然後因果地識別放棄篩查的影響。本文研究證明即使評論評級下降，放棄篩查也會從增加入住率中獲得經濟收益；這些影響對黑人和女性房主更強。本文在當前共享經濟中歧視和偏見的背景下，討論這些發現的戰略和社會福利影響。

Screening is considered a necessary mechanism for alleviating information asymmetry but has also raised concerns about increased discrimination in online peer-to-peer market platforms. Paradoxically, providers of goods and services may also voluntarily forgo screening, even though it increases the risks and costs associated with poor matches. We examine who may choose to forgo screening and why, and its impact on their performance outcomes. Our study’s empirical context is the Airbnb platform, wherein the 「Instant Book」 feature enables hosts to forgo the screening of guests. Utilizing a unique panel dataset of all listings in New York City during August 2015-February 2017, we first explore the antecedents of voluntarily switching to instant booking and then causally identify the impacts of switching. Our study provides evidence of the economic benefits of forgoing screening from increased occupancy even as review ratings decline; these effects are stronger for Black and female hosts. We discuss the strategic and social welfare implications of these findings within the context of current conversations on discrimination and bias in the sharing economy.

參考文獻：Raveesh Mayya, Shun Ye, Siva Viswanathan, Rajshree Agarwal. Who forgoes screening in online markets and why? Evidence from Airbnb[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4):1745-1776.

5. 回老東家的意向：IT專業員回之前僱主意向的驅動因素分析

最近的統計數據表明，大多數組織偏好重新僱傭之前在該組織工作過的IT專業人員來填補IT職位空缺。對驅動IT專員回老東家的驅動因素知之甚少。為了解釋這一重要的，很少被考慮的IT工作流動行為，本文基於工作嵌入理論、衝擊概念、工作不滿的原因，自願離職的展開模式，發展IT專員回歸理論。本文從248名IT專員中收集數據進行模糊集定性比較研究(fsQCA)，得出IT專員重返老東家工作的意圖，並發展中列數理論。結果表明兩種條件有助於高返回意圖以及三種有助於低返回意圖的條件。本文模型區分了工作衝擊、個人衝擊和IT工作衝擊。IT衝擊是IT行業特有的新衝擊種類。本文通過將IT專員相關行為理論化並解釋驅動返回老東家意圖的屬性。

Recent statistics indicate that most organizations prefer to fill IT vacancies by rehiring IT professionals who previously worked in the organization. Less is known about what drives IT professionals to 「turnback,」 a term we define as returning to employment with a former employer. To explain this important and rarely considered IT job mobility behavior, we build on job embeddedness theory and on the concepts of shocks and job dissatisfaction from, among others, the unfolding model of voluntary turnover to develop the theory of IT professional turnback. We perform fuzzy-set qualitative comparative analysis (fsQCA) of data collected from 248 IT professionals to draw conclusions about the intention among IT professionals to return to work for a former employer, and develop a midrange theory. Our results reveal two configurations contributing to high turnback intention and three configurations contributing to low turnback intention. Our model distinguishes between work shocks, personal shocks, and IT work shocks. IT shocks are a new category of shocks specific to the IT profession. We contribute theoretically by theorizing a behavior relevant to IT professionals and explaining attributes driving turnback intention.

參考文獻: Christian Maier, Sven Laumer, Damien Joseph, Jens Mattke, Tim Weitzel. Turnback Intention: An Analysis of the Drivers of IT Professionals』 Intention to Return to a Former Employer[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 1777-1806.

6. 使用異質性處理效應的最優政策部署規定性分析框架

本文定義了解決受約束的決策者需求、面臨多種政策槓桿的未知成本和收益的規定性分析框架，這個框架在本質上是通用的，可以部署在任何效用最大化的公共或私有環境中。框架依靠隨機田野實驗進行因果推斷，使用機器學習方法來估計異質處理效應，將預測轉換為決策的整數項優化。結果發現個人層面的政策干預目標在預算約束下最大化整體效用。該框架是在四大支柱的背景下建立的，對於那些已經進行A/B測試實踐的公司尤其有價值。本文關鍵貢獻是開發和實施一個框架，該框架利用效用反應函數的處理內，處理間異質性來從未來(優化的)處理中受益。本文表明與基線實踐相比，該框架的價值，即在兩種不同的設置中使用平均處理效應，在兩種環境中拓展。與標準方法不同，本文提出的框架能夠識別，適應和利用不同群體(潛在)展示這些群體在一個處理組中體驗不同成本和收益。因此，本文發現一個定位策略，在處理內和處理間異質性存在的情況下，預期總效應產生一個數量級的改善。

We define a prescriptive analytics framework that addresses the needs of a constrained decision-maker facing, ex ante, unknown costs and benefits of multiple policy levers. The framework is general in nature and can be deployed in any utility-maximizing context, public or private. It relies on randomized field experiments for causal inference, machine learning for estimating heterogeneous treatment effects, and on the optimization of an integer linear program for converting predictions into decisions. The net result is the discovery of individual-level targeting of policy interventions to maximize overall utility under a budget constraint. The framework is set in the context of the four pillars of analytics and is especially valuable for companies that already have an existing practice of running A/B tests. The key contribution of this work is to develop and operationalize a framework to exploit both within- and between-treatment arm heterogeneity in the utility response function in order to derive benefits from future (optimized) prescriptions. We demonstrate the value of this framework as compared to benchmark practices—i.e., the use of the average treatment effect, uplift modeling, as well as an extension to contextual bandits—in two different settings. Unlike these standard approaches, our framework is able to recognize, adapt to, and exploit the (potential) presence of different subpopulations that experience varying costs and benefits within a treatment arm while also exhibiting differential costs and benefits across treatment arms. As a result, we find a targeting strategy that produces an order of magnitude improvement in expected total utility for the case where significant within- and between-treatment arm heterogeneity exists.

參考文獻：Edward McFowland III, Sandeep Gangarapu, and Ravi Bapna, Tianshu Sun. A Prescriptive Analytics Framework for Optimal Policy Deployment Using Heterogeneous Treatment Effects[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 1807-1832.

7. 發展中國家的信息技術與政府腐敗：來自加納海關的證據

關於發展中國家信息技術(IT)和政府腐敗的文獻表明反腐敗影響的實現有着相互矛盾的證據。到目前為止，還沒有理論解釋為什麼在一些國家顯示的反腐敗潛力在其他國家沒有實現。基於加納海關信息系統干預案例研究中獲得的證據，本文研究了在發展中國家政府和社會背景下，其反腐敗潛力可能以及為何會減弱。本文關注街道級別官員經IT產生的輕微腐敗行為，這些行為被認為是社會嵌入型和制度條件下的現象。研究發現在信息系統運行過程中，IT的使用為輕度腐敗創造了可能的條件。IT的配置和政府機構的組織流程受到更廣泛的政府管理系統的限制，並受到政府官員、警察和商人的影響。隨後，通過在政府、商業、社會贊助機構和社會網絡實現使用IT進行腐敗。因此，本文表明IT對腐敗的影響往往有限，因為局部信息系統的實施無法改變內嵌在許多發展中國家政府中新民族機構和管理模式。

The literature on information technology (IT) and government corruption in developing countries indicates contradictory evidence about the realization of anti-corruption effects. So far, there is no theoretical explanation of why the anti-corruption potential of IT demonstrated in some countries is not realized in many other countries. Drawing evidence from a case study of information systems interventions at Ghana customs over 35 years, we investigate how and why IT’s anti-corruption potential may be curtailed in the context of developing countries』 governments and societies. We focus on IT mediated petty corruption practices of street-level officers, which we consider to be socially embedded and institutionally conditioned phenomena. We find that conditions of possibility for the IT-mediated petty corruption practices are created during the implementation of information systems. The configuration of IT and organizational processes of a government agency are constrained by the broader government administration system and influenced by the vested interests of government officers, politicians, and businesses. Subsequently, the co-optation of IT for petty corruption practices is enabled by networks of relationships and institutions of patronage that extend across government, business, and society. We thus explain the often limited effects of IT on petty corruption as the inability of localized information systems implementations to change modes of government administration that are embedded in the enduring neopatrimonial institutions and politics of many developing countries.

參考文獻：Atta Addo, Chrisanthi Avgerou. Information Technology and Government Corruption in Developing Countries: Evidence from Ghana Customs[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 1833-1862.

8. 隱私關注和物聯網上的數據共享：來自聯網汽車的混合方法

物聯網(IoT)正越來越多地改變我們的工作、生活和旅行方式。IoT設備收集、存儲、分析並作為日常生活的副產品來處理連續的數據流。然而，IoT設備需要不受限制的數據訪問才能完全運行。因此，物聯網侵入了用戶的虛擬和物理空間，並對隱私提出了影響深遠的挑戰，這與在其他背景下的挑戰不同。作為先進的物聯網設備，物聯網汽車提供了一個獨特的環境來檢驗和拓展關於隱私和數據共享的既定理論。採用順序混合方法設計，在汽車司機中開展訪談研究(n=120)，問卷研究(n=333)，田野研究(n=324)，提出和驗證個人數據共享的環境模型。三個研究的發現強調了虛擬風險和物理風險在形成駕駛員隱私問題和數據共享決策之間的相互作用，信息隱私和數據安全作為離散但密切相關的概念出現。研究結果同時強調心理所有權的重要性，將司機對駕駛數據的占有感概念化，這是現有數據共享模型的重要補充。這種新角度解釋了為什麼個人不願意分享即使是不會引起隱私擔憂的低敏感數據。心理所有權角度對於設計數據支持的服務激勵機制，通過增強司機的自我效能和心理所有權從而鼓勵他們共享駕駛數據。這些發現有助於緩解物聯網用戶之間的緊張關係，如何利用數據支持的物聯網設備的優點，同時降低與個人數據共享相關的心理成本。

The Internet of Things (IoT) is increasingly transforming the way we work, live, and travel. IoT devices collect, store, analyze, and act upon a continuous stream of data as a by-product of everyday use. However, IoT devices need unrestricted data access to fully function. As such, they invade users』 virtual and physical space and raise far-reaching privacy challenges that are unlike those examined in other contexts. As advanced IoT devices, connected cars offer a unique setting to review and extend established theory and evidence on privacy and data

sharing. Employing a sequential mixed methods design, we conducted an interview study (n=120), a survey study (n=333), and a field experiment (n=324) among car drivers to develop and validate a contextualized model of individuals』 data sharing decisions. Our findings from the three studies highlight the interplay between virtual and physical risks in shaping drivers』 privacy concerns and data sharing decisions—with information privacy and data security emerging as discrete yet closely interrelated concepts. Our findings also highlight the importance of psychological ownership, conceptualized as drivers』 feelings of possession toward their driving data, as an important addition to established privacy calculus models of data sharing. This novel perspective explains why individuals are reluctant to share even low-sensitivity data that do not raise privacy concerns. The psychological ownership perspective has implications for designing incentives for data-enabled services in ways that augment drivers』 self-efficacy and psychological ownership and thereby encourage them to share driving data. These insights help reconcile a fundamental tension among IoT users—how to avail the benefits of dataenabled IoT devices while reducing the psychological costs associated with the sharing of personal data.

參考文獻：Patrick Cichy, Torsten Oliver Salge, Rajiv Kohli. Rrivacy Concerns and Data Sharing in the Internet of Things: Mixed Methods Evidence from Connected Cars[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 1863-1892.

9. 通過分析視角調和選擇過載的矛盾發現

太多的好事可能是有害的。選擇過載是消費者心理中一個引人注目的悖論，它表明即使消費者可以自由地忽略任何選擇，為消費者提供更多的產品選項可能會降低消費者滿意度而不是提高。在過去幾十年間，對選擇超載的研究吸引了許多學科的興趣，即使在元分析水平上也產生了大量且矛盾的發現。本文開展一項跨學科調查來解決在概念和實證前沿方面的不一致。具體地，本文在現有選擇超載效應的實證研究中定義了一個令人驚訝但穩健的模式，並通過數學分析和大量仿真研究證明該模式可能來自於調節選擇超載效應的一種特定類型的潛在機制。本文討論研究和發現的實際意義，即元分析（一個使用數據分析的新興領域）和機器學習解決社會和行為科學中被廣泛認可的不一致性的廣泛前景，以及信息系統社區在發展新時代元分析中所扮演的獨特而顯著的作用。

Too much of a good thing can be harmful. Choice overload, a compelling paradox in consumer psychology, exemplifies this notion with the idea that offering more product options could impede rather than improve consumer satisfaction, even when consumers are free to ignore any available option. After attracting intense interest in the past decades from multiple disciplines, research on choice overload has produced voluminous yet paradoxical findings that are widely perceived as inconsistent even at the meta-analytic level. This paper launches an interdisciplinary inquiry to resolve the inconsistencies on both the conceptual and empirical fronts. Specifically, we identified a surprising but robust pattern among the existing empirical evidence for the choice overload effect and demonstrated through mathematical analysis and extensive simulation studies that the pattern would only likely emerge from one specific type of latent mechanism underlying the moderated choice overload effect. The paper discusses the research and practical implications of our findings—namely, the broad promise of analytical meta-analysis (an emerging area for the use of data analytics) and machine learning to address the widely recognized inconsistencies in social and behavioral sciences, and the unique and salient role of the information systems community in developing this new era of meta-analysis.

參考文獻: Nan Zhang, Heng Xu. Reconciling the Paradoxical Findings of Choice Overload Through an Analytical Lens[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 1893-1920.

10. 競爭任務和任務質量：眾包競賽的實證研究

眾包競賽平台日益受歡迎的結果是平台上可獲得的任務數量的增加。這些任務爭奪相同的接包方。有證據表明競爭任務的增加可以減少參與重點任務的接包方數量。然而，競爭任務如何影響任務質量，質量通過發包者能夠得到的最佳解決方案表示。使用從一個流行的眾包平台上收集的數據，本文調查了競爭任務的影響並揭示了控制競爭任務和任務質量之間關係的重要潛在機制。通過任務、接包者和提交級別的分析，本文發現競爭任務可以通過兩種方式影響任務質量。第一種方式，當競爭任務增加時，每一個任務的接包者數量減少，這種減少會對任務質量產生負面影響。第二種方式，越多的競爭任務導致接包者同時參與更多的任務。這種多任務處理反過來使接包者從其他任務中學習，生成更好的解決方案並提高任務質量。有趣的是，研究發現這兩種方式相互抵消，且焦點任務的整體解決方案質量不受影響，儘管競爭任務數量的增加減少了接包者數量。

An outcome of the rising popularity of crowdsourcing contest platforms has been an increase in the number of tasks available on a platform at the same time. These concurrent tasks compete for the attention of the same pool of solvers. There is some evidence that an increase in the number of competing tasks can reduce the number of solvers participating in a focal task. However, it is not clear exactly how competing tasks influence the quality of tasks, as represented by the best solutions they receive. Using data collected from a popular crowdsourcing platform, we investigate the effects of competing tasks and uncover important underlying mechanisms governing the relationship between competing tasks and task quality. Through analyses at the task, solver, and submission levels, we establish that competing tasks can influence task quality in two ways. First, the number of solvers in each task decreases when there are more competing tasks, and this reduction negatively impacts task quality. Second, the availability of a greater number of competing tasks leads to solvers participating in more tasks simultaneously. This multitasking in turn allows solvers to learn from other tasks, generate better solutions, and improve task quality. Interestingly, we find that these opposing forces offset each other, and that the overall solution quality of the focal task is not affected, despite the fact that an increase in the number of competing tasks reduces the number of solvers participating it.

參考文獻：Jiahui Mo, Sumit Sarkar, Syam Menon. Competing Tasks and Task Quality: An Empirical Study of Crowdsourcing Contests[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 1921-1948.

11. 利用多源異構數據進行金融風險預測：基於自適應方法的新型混合策略

多源異構數據的出現為金融風險預測取得突破提供了光明前景。然而現有金融風險預測方法大多基於單一信息源，這可能不能充分捕捉共同影響金融風險的各種複雜因素，本文提出一種基於混合策略的自適應方法來有效地利用多源異構信息。該方法採用一種新的特徵稀疏學習方法來自適應整合多源異構軟特徵和硬特徵，改進推理規則來自適應聚合分類器預測，從而減輕了學習過程中陳述性偏差和程序性偏差。在兩種情況下的評估表明，與僅僅依靠硬特徵相比，在個人級別(關於借款人在P2P貸款平台)和公司級別(關於中國股票市場的上市公司)使用本文提出方法有效地將多源異構數據用於早期預測金融風險並達到理想效果。

Emerging phenomena of ubiquitous multisource data offer promising avenues for making breakthroughs in financial risk prediction. While most existing methods for financial risk prediction are based on a single information source, which may not adequately capture various complex factors that jointly influence financial risks, we propose a hybrid-strategy-based self-adaptive method to effectively leverage heterogeneous soft information drawn from a variety of sources. The method uses a proposed new features parsity learning method to adaptively integrate multisource heterogeneous soft features with hard features and a proposed improved evidential reasoning rule to adaptively aggregate base classifier predictions, thereby alleviating both the declarative bias and the procedural bias of the learning process. Evaluation in two cases at the individual level (concerning borrowers at a P2P lending platform) and the company level (concerning listed companies in the Chinese stock market) showed that, compared with relying solely on hard features, effectively incorporating multisource heterogeneous soft features using our proposed method enabled earlier prediction of financial risks with desirable performance.

參考文獻：Gang Wang, Gang Chen, Huimin Zhao, Feng Zhang, Shanlin Yang, Tian Lu. Leveraging Multisource Heterogeneous Data for Financial Risk Prediction: A Novel Hybrid-Strategy-Based Self-Adaptive Method[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 1949-1998.

12. 在線勞工平台上工作的算法管理：當匹配滿足控制時

在線勞工平台(OLPs)可以按照匹配和控制兩個維度使用算法。然而之前的研究大量關注OLPs如何優化匹配和適應市場需求，OLPs也可以使用算法來監測和嚴格控制平台工作。本文檢驗平台工作特徵以及算法管理在組織中開展工作的作用。通過對優步司機感知的定性研究，以對優步管理者和工程師的訪談為輔助，本文提出一個捕捉OLPs中算法管理的基礎理論。在算法匹配和算法控制的背景下，平台員工經歷了與工作執行、補償和歸屬相關的緊張關係。研究表明這種緊張關係觸發了平台工作人員類似市場和組織的響應行為。本文對OLPs文獻做出貢獻。

Online labor platforms (OLPs) can use algorithms along two dimensions: matching and control. While previous research has paid considerable attention to how OLPs optimize matching and accommodate market needs, OLPs can also employ algorithms to monitor and tightly control platform work. In this paper, we examine the nature of platform work on OLPs, and the role of algorithmic management in organizing how such work is conducted. Using a qualitative study of Uber drivers』 perceptions, supplemented by interviews with Uber executives and engineers, we present a grounded theory that captures the algorithmic management of work on OLPs. In the context of both algorithmic matching and algorithmic control, platform workers experience tensions relating to work execution, compensation, and belonging. We show that these tensions trigger market-like and organization-like response behaviors by platform workers. Our research contributes to the emerging literature on OLPs.

參考文獻：Mareike Möhlmann, Lior Zalmanson, Ola Henfridsson, Robert Wayne Gregory. Algorithmic Management of Work on Online Labor Platforms: When Matching Meets Control[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 1999-2022.

13.信息系統開發中跨領域知識的複雜影響：基於仿真的理論發展

信息系統開發(ISD)需要商業領域和技術領域的知識。跨領域知識如何影響ISD輸出是IS領域最基本且長期的問題之一。本文發現跨領域知識的影響取決於其在商業和IT單元的分布以及設計元素相互依賴層次和模式方面ISD複雜性。本文基於NK健身景觀模型仿真系統性地調查了跨領域知識對ISD績效的複雜影響。研究發現跨領域知識不僅提高ISD績效而且降低其易變性。這些影響當ISD複雜程度高時更強。跨領域知識被發現在不同設計元素相互依賴的模式下提高ISD的穩健性。有趣的是，當跨領域知識在商業和IT單元分布不均衡時以及分布模式與設計元素相互依賴模式匹配時，ISD績效更高。這些研究發現表明，跨領域知識對ISD績效的影響並不是固定的而是取決於其結構模式，設計元素相互關係及其交互。本研究表明ISD中的挑戰如何以及為何可能是結構化的，跨領域知識如何以及為什麼可能有助於克服這些挑戰。本文開發了一個理論框架並基於發現提出建議。

Information systems development (ISD) requires both business domain and technology domain knowledge. How cross-domain knowledge affects ISD outcomes is one of the most fundamental and persistent problems in the IS field. We argue that the effect of cross-domain knowledge depends on its distribution across business and IT units and ISD complexity in terms of level and pattern of design element interdependencies. We systematically investigate the complex effects of cross-domain knowledge on ISD performance by using simulations based on the NK fitness landscapes model. We find that cross-domain knowledge not only increases ISD performance but also reduces its variability. These effects are greater when ISD complexity is greater. Cross domain knowledge is found to increase the robustness of ISD performance across different patterns of design element interdependencies. Interestingly, ISD performance is higher when cross-domain knowledge is unevenly distributed across business and IS units and when its distribution pattern matches the pattern of the design element interdependencies. These findings suggest that the effect of cross-domain knowledge on ISD performance is not fixed but depends on its structural pattern, the level and pattern of design element interdependencies, and their interactions. This study illuminates how and why challenges in ISD might be structural and how, why, and when cross-domain knowledge might help to overcome these challenges. We develop a theoretical framework and propositions based on our findings.

參考文獻：Jungpil Hahn, Gwanhoo Lee. The Complex Effects of Cross-Domain Knowledge on IS Development: A Simulation-Based Theory Development[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 2023-2054.

14. 調查影響IT部門性別平等的因素變化的性質：愛爾蘭婦女的縱向研究

影響IT領域性別平等的社會、組織和個體因素如何以及為何會隨時間而變化？為了回答這個問題，開展一項影響IT部門婦女地位因素改變的縱向調查。這項調查在愛爾蘭國內社會經濟地位波動的背景下進行的。使用性別和IT個體差異理論來對63名女性在4個時間點的生活歷史訪談進行分析，這63名女性的故事跨越了1970s到2020s的幾十年。通過增加7個描述影響女性IT專業人員變化因素本質的主題，研究結果動態拓展了個體差異理論。愛爾蘭經濟變化對婦女的影響是通過其他因素的變化發生的：如環境(即政策、基礎設施和文化)、身份定位(如母親)和個人(如家庭)。結果表明在愛爾蘭經濟高峰和低谷的背景下，IT領域的女性形象逐漸且明顯的變化。從對愛爾蘭50年的觀察中，出現了改變個性的持久性的形象。

How and why do societal, organizational and individual factors affecting gender equity in the IT field change over time? To answer this question a longitudinal investigation of the nature of change in factors affecting the position of women in the IT profession was undertaken. It was conducted in Ireland against the backdrop of fluctuations in the nation’s socio-economic status. The individual differences theory of gender and IT was used to analyze life history interviews conducted at four points in time with a total of 63 women whose stories cover the decades from the 1970s to the 2010s. What resulted is a dynamic extension of this theory through the addition of seven themes that characterize the nature of change in factors affecting women IT professionals. The effect on women of economic changes in Ireland is shown to occur through changes in other factors: environmental (i.e., policy, infrastructural, and cultural), identity (e.g., motherhood) and individual (e.g., family). The results reveal both gradual and dramatic changes in an evolving picture of women in this sector, against the back drop of the peaks and valleys of Ireland’s economy. Both transformational and enduring images emerge from this look at Ireland over five decades.

參考文獻：Eileen Trauth, Regina Connolly. Investigating the Nature of Change in Factors Affecting Gender Equity in the IT Sector: A Longitudinal Study of Women in Ireland[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 2055-2100.

15. 系統分析與設計中的認知圖理解與人物表現

模型在系統分析和設計(SAD)中起着重要作用。圖模型被定義為從域到視覺表示之間的映射，該方法保留相關信息來滿足特定的目標。到目前為止，與任務績效相關的圖標準認知研究已經多方向發展。本文目標(1)用圖來理解任務執行過程中所涉及的認知處理步驟研究；(2)確定此類圖的相應標準來最好地支持認知處理，(3)為開展SAD任務提供有效的支持圖。為完成第一個目標，本文開發了被稱為CogniDia的一個帶圖的任務績效理論認知框架。該框架整合了軟件工程和信息系統圖研究的不同認知理論。關於第二個目標，本文檢索文獻來組織標準有效認知處理圖。確定了在語言和任務處理方面的研究不足。關於第三個問題，本文使用理論認知框架來檢驗圖如何有效地支持SAD過程。

Models play an important role in systems analysis and design (SAD). A diagrammatic model is defined as a mapping from a domain to a visual representation in such a way that relevant information is preserved to meet a specific goal. So far, cognitive research on diagram criteria in relation to task performance has been fragmented. The aim of this paper is to (1) consolidate research on the cognitive processing steps involved during understanding and task performance with diagrams, (2) consolidate corresponding criteria for such diagrams to best support cognitive processing, and (3) demonstrate the support effective diagrams provide for per forming SAD tasks. Addressing the first aim, we develop a theoretical cognitive framework of task performance with diagrams called CogniDia. It integrates different cognitive theories from research on diagrams in software engineering and information systems. Regarding the second aim, we review the literature to organize criteria for effective cognitive processing of diagrams. We identify research gaps on verbal and task processing. Regarding the third aim, we use the theoretical cognitive framework to investigate how diagrams support the SAD process effectively.

參考文獻：Monika Malinova, Jan Mendling. Cognitive Diagram Understanding and Task Performance in Systems Analysis and Design[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 2101-2157.

16. 何時以及誰來進行平台公司收購？理解收購在平台公司成長中的作用

平台公司的成功通常取決於其擴大客戶和供應商群體的能力。現有研究集中在平台可能用來擴大規模的各種方法上，但沒有考慮平台可能收購其他公司作為其增長戰略的一部分。本文研究電商平台公司收購模式並與數字化非平台公司的收購模式進行對比。研究發現與非平台公司相比，平台公司收購早期(成立後不久)通常首先從相同市場生態位收購競爭的平台公司。隨着平台公司成熟，公司開始從其他生態位來收購非平台公司。這與本文分析中所示的非平台公司的收購方式形成了對比。

The success of platform companies often depends on their ability to 「scale」 their customer and supplier base. Existing studies have focused on a variety of approaches that platforms may use to scale but have not systematically considered that platforms might acquire other companies as part of this growth strategy. In this paper, we study the acquisition patterns of digital platform companies and contrast these with the acquisition patterns of digital non-platform companies. We find that platform companies acquire earlier (shortly after founding) when compared with non-platform companies, and they often first acquire competing platform companies from the same market niche. As platform companies mature, they begin to acquire non-platform companies from other market niches. This contrasts with how acquisitions are made by non-platform companies, as shown in our analysis.

參考文獻：Milan Miric, Margherita Pagani, Omar A. El Sawy. When and Who Do Platform Companies Acquire? Understanding the Role of Acquisitions in the Growth of Platform Companies[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 2159-2174.

17. CEO風險激勵與IT創新：CEO的IT相關人力資本的調節作用

儘管信息技術(IT)創新在當今數字化世界中非常重要，但很少有研究關注公司如何激勵IT創新。為了填補這一空白，本文調查向CEO提供管理激勵對IT創新的影響，管理創新以IT專利的數量來衡量。尤其，本文檢驗向CEO提供風險激勵的作用，風險激勵由CEO財產對股市回報率的波動來表示。研究關注CEO們IT相關人力資本(即IT教育背景和IT經驗)如何調節Vega和IT創新之間的關係。本文實證分析表明更高的Vega鼓勵CEO們更支持IT創新，更重要的是，Vega對IT專利數量的影響在擁有更高水平IT教育和IT經驗的CEO所在公司中更強。本文通過概念化CEO相關的人力資本，驗證其在向CEO提供風險激勵和IT創新之間的調節作用。

Despite the importance of information technology (IT) innovation in today’s digitalized world, little research attention has been paid to examining how firms can incentivize IT innovation. To fill this gap, the current study investigates the impact of managerial incentives provided to chief executive officers (CEOs) on IT innovation, measured by the number of IT patents. In particular, we examine the role of risk-taking incentives provided to CEOs, captured by the sensitivity of CEO wealth to stock return volatility (i.e., Vega). Vega can motivate CEOs to engage in risky IT innovation projects by aligning their wealth with firm-specific risk. In so doing, we focus on how CEOs』 IT-related human capital (i.e., IT education and IT experience) moderates the relationship between Vega and IT innovation. Our empirical analyses reveal that a higher Vega encourages CEOs to support more IT innovation; more importantly, the impact of Vega on the amount of IT patents is stronger for firms with CEOs who have higher levels of IT education and IT experience. Our study contributes to research and practice by conceptualizing a CEO’s IT-related human capital and validating its moderating role in the relationship between risk-taking incentives provided to the CEO and the amount of IT innovation.

參考文獻：Inmyung Choi, Sunghun Chung, Kunsoo Han, Alain Pinsonneault. CEO Risk-Taking Incentives and IT Innovation: The Moderating Role of a CEO’s IT-Related Human Capital[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 2175-2192.

18. 在線產品評論：細粒度的評級方案要優於粗粒度的嗎？

在線市場上的產品評論平台提供的產品質量信息粒度不同。有些平台為產品質量提供單一的整體評級(也稱單維評分方案)，而其他平台為每個質量屬性提供單獨的評級(也稱多維評分方案)。多維評分方案在降低消費者對產品質量和價值不確定方面優於單維評分方案。然而，本文發現當賣家通過調整價格來回應產品評分方案時，與單維評分方案相比，多維評分方案並不總是有利於消費者，也並不一定有利於賣家或社會。從消費者、賣家和社會規劃者的角度來看，與質量屬性評分相關的不確定和競爭產品之間的區別程度決定了是否細粒度多維評分方案優於粗粒度單維評分方案。該結果的主要驅動因素是競爭產品更多(更少)的粒度和更少(更多)的不確定信息暴露(隱藏)的潛在差異，這反過來在消費者異質性偏好的情況下，改變了上游產品價格競爭。結果表明關注評分方案的信息傳遞方面只能部分了解評分方案的真實影響。

Product review platforms in online marketplaces differ with respect to the granularity of product quality information they provide. While some platforms provide a single overall rating for product quality (also referred to as the single-dimensional rating scheme), others provide a separate rating for each individual quality attribute (also referred to as the multidimensional rating scheme). The multidimensional rating scheme is superior to the single-dimensional rating scheme, ceteris paribus, in reducing consumers』 uncertainty about product quality and value. However, we show that, when sellers respond to product ratings by adjusting their prices, compared to the single-dimensional rating scheme, the multidimensional rating scheme does not always benefit consumers, nor does it necessarily benefit sellers or society. The uncertainty associated with quality attribute rating and the extent of differentiation between competing products determines whether a finer-grained multidimensional rating scheme is superior to a coarser grained single-dimensional rating scheme from the consumer, seller, and social planner perspectives. The main driver of the results is that more (less) granular and less (more) uncertain information exposes (hides) underlying differentiation, or a lack thereof, between competing products, which, in turn, alters upstream price competition in the presence of heterogeneous consumer preferences. The results demonstrate that focusing on the information transfer aspect of rating schemes provides only a partial understanding of the true impacts of rating schemes.

參考文獻：Murat M. Tunc, Huseyin Cavusoglu, Srinivasan Raghunathan. Online Product Reviews: Is a Finer-Grained Rating Scheme Superior to a Coarser One?[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 2193-2234.

19. 移動應用安全的經濟學：一項實證研究

移動設備的增長加上移動技術的進步引起各種移動應用程序(apps)的發展和廣泛使用。移動apps已被應用於社交網絡、銀行，接受每日新聞、健身和工作相關的任務。Apps的安全性是一個重要問題。然而，在某些情況下，如果用戶不願意為額外的安全性付費，app開發者可能對於投資app安全性興趣不大。本文實證檢驗比起使用功能，消費者是否不願意為安全功能付費。另外，檢驗是否第三方安全認證會使用戶更願意為安全性能付費。進一步，本文檢驗風險感知對為安全性付費意願的影響。為了探究這些問題，本文在移動app用戶中進行了一個基於場景的實驗。分析結果表明，比起使用特徵，消費者更不願為安全性特徵付費。然而，為安全性付費的可能性可以通過第三方認證來顯著提高。本文基於分析為移動app生產商通過提高app安全特徵來獲益提供視角。

The growth of mobile devices coupled with advances in mobile technologies has resulted in the development and widespread use of a variety of mobile applications (apps). Mobile apps have been developed for social networking, banking, receiving daily news, maintaining fitness, and job-related tasks. The security of apps is an important concern. However, in some cases, app developers may be less interested in investing in the security of apps, if users are unwilling to pay for the added security. In this paper, we empirically examine whether consumers are less willing to pay for security features than for usability features. In addition, we examine whether a third-party certification of security features makes customers more willing to pay for security. Furthermore, we investigate the impact of risk perceptions on the willingness to pay for security. To explore these issues, we conducted a scenario-based experiment on mobile app users. Results from our analyses show that consumers are indeed less likely to pay for security features than usability features. However, the likelihood of paying for security features can be significantly increased by third-party certification of the features. Based on our analysis, we offer insights to producers of mobile apps to monetize the enhanced security features of their apps.

Pallab Sanyal, Nirup Menon, Mikko Siponen. An Empirical Examination of the Economics of Mobile Application Security[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 2235-2260.

20. 重新配置來實現靈敏性：通過組織政策實驗來檢驗團隊自主權的績效影響

敏捷軟件開發是一種在軟件行業獲得了突出地位的價值範式，這種價值範式強調項目團隊自主性和隨標準化流程而變化的響應價值。之前關於軟件運營中採用敏捷範式及其性能影響的研究通常都集中在軟件開發過程的單一方面。本研究採用軟件運營中的配置視角，並評價採用賦予項目團隊更高層次自主權的組織政策的因果影響。基於組織研究中提出的框架，本文假設為軟件團隊提供更高層次自主權的組織政策可以通過對項目運營的敏捷配置來提高性能適應。為了檢驗提出的假設，與一家商業軟件公司合作，並從該公司的一個政策實驗中收集數據。本文檢驗了為期四年觀察期內的項目水平數據，在此期間，該公司實施了一項新政策，大大減少了項目團隊自主重新配置其運營的障礙。結果支持了本文假設，並闡明了組織策略如何為軟件團隊提供具體環境中項目配置設計的自主權來提高項目績效。

Agile software development, a paradigm that emphasizes project team autonomy and the value of responding to changes over following standardized processes, has gained prominence in the software industry. Prior investigations on the adoptions of agile paradigms for software operations and their performance implications have typically focused on isolated aspects of software development processes. In this study, we adopt a configurational perspective of software operations and assess the causal impacts of adopting an organizational policy that grants higher levels of autonomy to project teams. Building on the equifinality framework proposed in organizational studies, we posit that an organizational policy that provides higher levels of autonomy for software teams engenders performance-enhancing adaptations through agile reconfigurations of project operations. To test our hypothesis, we collaborated with a commercial software firm and collected data from a policy experiment at the firm. We examined project level data spanning a four-year observation period during which the firm implemented a new policy that significantly reduced the hurdles for project teams to autonomously reconfigure their operations. The results support our postulation and shed light on how an organizational policy that provides greater autonomy to software teams for designing their context-specific project configurations can improve

project performance.

參考文獻：Narayan Ramasubbu, Indranil R. Bardhan. Reconfiguring for Agility: Examining the Performance Implications for Project Team Autonomy Through an Organizational Policy Experiment[J]. MIS Quarterly, 2021, 45(4): 2261-2280.